認知症の人に対する運動療法は、認知機能の改善、情動・精神機能の安定や改善、日常生活動作(activities of daily living:ADL)の改善、家族負担の減少を目的として行われる。ただし、運動療法の効果をランダム化比較試験によって明確に示した研究は少なく、十分なエビデンスがあるとはいえない状況にある。このような制約があるとはいえ、運動療法は、部分的であるにせよ有効性が確認されており、現在すぐに取り組むことのできる治療法のひとつとして推奨されるべきであろう。
また、ADによる認知症の人の認知機能、ADL、行動、気分、生活の質(quality of life:QOL)、さらに介護者の気分、心理的健康、QOL、拘束をアウトカムとした非薬物治療のシステマティックレビュー86)によると、認知症の人に対する介入内容は、認知トレーニング、行動介入、認知的刺激、経頭蓋磁気刺激、運動療法、音楽療法、回想法、ADLトレーニング、マッサージ、レクリエーション、光療法、多重感覚刺激、心理療法、バリデーション、リラクゼーション、およびこれらの複合プログラムが実施されていた。介護者に対しては、教育、支援、ケース管理、レスパイトケア、およびこれらの複合プログラムが提供された。また、その他として、認知症の人と介護者双方への介入、職業介護者へのトレーニングなどの介入が含まれていた。これらのプログラムによって、すべてのアウトカムにおいて軽度から中等度の効果がADおよび介護者に対して認められており、非薬物治療の有効性が示された。これらの知見は、認知症の人の機能向上のためには、運動療法のみより、対象者の状態に応じた多様な介入の選択肢を持つことが重要であることを示唆している。
3)Rolland Y, Abellan van Kan G, Vellas B.:Physical activity and Alzheimer's disease:from prevention to therapeutic perspectives.J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2008; 9(6): 390-405.
4)Baker LD, Frank LL, Foster-Schubert K,et al.: Aerobic exercise improves cognitionfor older adults with glucose intolerance, a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's disease:JAD 2010; 22(2): 569-579.
5)Reyna SM, Tantiwong P, Cersosimo E, Defronzo RA, Sriwijitkamol A, MusiN.: Short-term exercise training improves insulin sensitivity but does not inhibit inflammatory pathways in immune cells from insulin-resistant subjects. J DiabetesRes. 2013; 2013: 107805.
6)Duncan GE, Perri MG, Theriaque DW,Hutson AD, Eckel RH, Stacpoole PW:Exercise training, without weight loss,increases insulin sensitivity and postheparin plasma lipase activity in previously sedentary adults. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(3): 557-562.
7)De Felice FG, Vieira MN, BomfimTR, et al.: Protection of synapses against Alzheimer's-linked toxins: insulin signaling prevents the pathogenic binding of Abet aoligomers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009; 106(6): 1971-1976.
8)Rensink AA, Otte-Holler I, de Boer R, et al.: Insulin inhibits amyloid beta-induced cell death in cultured human brain pericytes.Neurobiol Aging. 2004; 25(1): 93-103.
10)Lu B, Nagappan G, Guan X, Nathan PJ, Wren P.: BDNF-based synaptic repair as a disease-modifying strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. Nat RevNeurosci. 2013; 14(6): 401-416.
11)Nagahara AH, Merrill DA, Coppola G, et al.: Neuroprotective effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rodent and primate models of Alzheimer's disease. Nat Med. 2009; 15(3): 331-337.
12)Scheff SW, Price DA, Schmitt FA,Mufson EJ: Hippocampal synaptic loss in early Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiology of aging. 2006; 27(10): 1372-1384.
13)Frisoni GB, Fox NC, Jack CR, Jr.,Scheltens P, Thompson PM: The clinical use of structural MRI in Alzheimer disease.Nature reviews Neurology. 2010; 6(2): 67-77.
14)Rodrigue KM, Raz N.: Shrinkage of the entorhinal cortex over five years predicts memory performance in healthy adults. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2004; 24(4): 956-963.
15)Murphy EA, Holland D, Donohue M, et al.: Six-month atrophy in MTL structures isassociated with subsequent memory decline in elderly controls. Neuroimage. 2010; 53(4): 1310-1317.
17)Fjell AM, McEvoy L, Holland D, Dale AM, Walhovd KB, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging I.: Brain changes in older adults at very low risk for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci. 2013; 33(19): 8237-8242.
18)Swain RA, Harris AB , Wiener EC, et al.: Prolonged exercise inducesangiogenesis and increases cerebral blood volume in primary motor cortex of the rat.Neuroscience 2003; 117(4): 1037-1046.
19)Burdette JH, Laurienti PJ, Espeland MA, et al.: Using network science to evaluate exercise-associated brain changes in older adults. Frontiers in aging neuroscience 2010; 2:23.
20)Pereira AC, Huddleston DE, Brickman AM, et al.: An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104(13): 5638-5643.
21)Kang H, Schuman EM: Long-lasting neurotrophin-induced enhancement of synaptic transmission in the adult hippocampus. Science 1995; 267(5204): 1658-1662.
22)Figurov A, Pozzo-Miller LD, Olafsson P, Wang T, Lu B.: Regulation of synaptic responses to high-frequency stimulation and LTP by neurotrophins in the hippocampus.Nature 1996; 381(6584): 706-709.
23)Schindowski K, Belarbi K, Buee L.: Neurotrophic factors in Alzheimer's disease:role of axonal transport. Genes Brain Behav.2008;7 Suppl 1: 43-56.
24)Ghosh A, Carnahan J, Greenberg ME: Requirement for BDNF in activitydependent survival of cortical neurons.Science 1994;263(5153): 1618-1623.
25)Lindholm D, Carroll P, Tzimagiogis G,Thoenen H.: Autocrine-paracrine regulation of hippocampal neuron survival by IGF-1 and the neurotrophins BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4. Eur J Neurosci. 1996; 8(7): 1452-1460.
26)Santos RV, Tufik S, De Mello MT:Exercise, sleep and cytokines: is there a relation? Sleep Med Rev. 2007;11(3): 231-239.
27)Zagaar M, Dao A, Levine A, Alhaider I, Alkadhi K.: Regular exercise prevents sleep deprivation associated impairment of long-term memory and synaptic plasticity in the CA1 area of the hippocampus.Sleep 2013; 36(5): 751-761.
28)King AC, Oman RF, Brassington GS,Bliwise DL, Haskell WL: Moderate-intensity exercise and self-rated quality of sleep in older adults. A randomized controlled trial.Jama 1997; 277(1): 32-37.
29)Sherrill DL, Kotchou K, Quan SF:Association of physical activity and human sleep disorders. Arch Intern Med. 1998; 158(17): 1894-1898.
30)Naylor E, Penev PD, Orbeta L, et al.: Daily social and physical activity increases slow-wave sleep and daytime neuropsychological performance in the elderly. Sleep 2000; 23(1): 87-95.
31)Meguro K, Ueda M, Yamaguchi T, et al.:Disturbance in daily sleep/wake patterns in patients with cognitive impairment and decreased daily activity. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990; 38(11): 1176-1182.
32)Attarian HP, Brown KM, Duntley SP,Carter JD, Cross AH: The relationship of sleep disturbances and fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol.2004; 61(4): 525-528.
33)Chaudhuri A, Behan PO: Fatigue in neurological disorders. Lancet 2004; 363(9413): 978-988.
34)Thomas KS, Motivala S, Olmstead R, Irwin MR: Sleep depth and fatigue: role of cellular inflammatory activation. Brain Behav Immun. 2011; 25(1): 53-58.
35)Avlund K, Vass M, Hendriksen C. Onset of mobility disability among community-dwelling old men and women. The role of tiredness in daily activities. Age and Ageing. 2003; 32(6): 579-584.
36)Avlund K,Damsgaard MT,Sakari-Rantala R,Laukkanen P,Schroll M.:Tiredness in daily activities among nondisabled old people as determinant of onset of disability. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002; 55(10): 965-973.
37)Gelber RP, Petrovitch H, Masaki KH, et al.: Lifestyle and the risk of dementia in Japanese-american men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012; 60(1): 118-123.
38)Colcombe S, Kramer AF: Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychol Sci. 2003; 14(2): 125-130.
39)Weuve J, Kang JH, Manson JE, Breteler MM, Ware JH, Grodstein F.: Physical activity, including walking, and cognitive function in older women. Jama 2004; 292(12): 1454-1461.
40)Dai CT, Chang YK, Huang CJ, Hung TM: Exercise mode and executive function in older adults: an ERP study of taskswitching. Brain Cogn. 2013; 83(2): 153-162.
41)Arvidson E, Borjesson M, Ahlborg G, Jr., Lindegard A, Jonsdottir IH: The level of leisure time physical activity is associated with work ability-a cross sectional and prospective study of health care workers. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:855.
42)Ip EH, Church T, Marshall SA, et al.: Physical activity increases gains in and prevents loss of physical function: results from the lifestyle interventions and independence for elders pilot study. JGerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013; 68(4): 426-432.
43)Cress ME, Buchner DM, Questad KA, Esselman PC, deLateur BJ, Schwartz RS:Exercise: effects on physical functional performance in independent older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1999; 54(5): M242-248.
44)Hunter GR, McCarthy JP, Bamman MM: Effects of resistance training on older adults. Sports Med. 2004; 34(5): 329-348.
45)Tudor-Locke C, Jones R, Myers AM, Paterson DH, Ecclestone NA: Contribution of structured exercise class participation and informal walking for exercise to daily physical activity in community-dwelling older adults. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2002; 73(3): 350-356.
46)James BD, Boyle PA, Bennett DA, Buchman AS: Total daily activity measured with actigraphy and motor function in community-dwelling older persons with and without dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2012; 26(3): 238-245.
47)Avlund K.: Fatigue in older adults: an early indicator of the aging process? Aging Clin Exp Res. 2010; 22(2): 100-115.
48)Moss-Morris R, Sharon C, Tobin R, Baldi JC: A randomized controlled graded exercise trial for chronic fatigue syndrome: outcomes and mechanisms of change. J Health Psychol. 2005; 10(2): 245-259.
49)Bridle C, Spanjers K, Patel S, Atherton NM, Lamb SE: Effect of exercise on depression severity in older people: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Psychiatry 2012; 201(3): 180-185.
50)Sjosten N , Kivela SL: Thee ffects of physical exercise on depressive symptoms among the aged: a systematic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 21(5): 410-418.
51)Jorm AF: Is depression a risk factor for dementia or cognitive decline? Areview. Gerontology 2000; 46(4): 219-227.
52)Gao Y, Huang C, Zhao K, et al. : Depression as a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a metaanalysis of longitudinal studies. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013; 28(5): 441-449.
53)Musick MA, Wilson J.: Volunteering and depression: the role of psychological and social resources in different age groups. Soc Sci Med. 2003; 56(2): 259-269.
54)Luanaigh CO, Lawlor BA: Loneliness and the health of older people. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008; 23(12): 1213-1221.
55)Wang HX, Karp A, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L.: Late-life engagement in social and leisure activities is associated with a decreased risk of dementia: a longitudinal study from the Kungsholmen project. Am J Epidemiol. 2002; 155(12): 1081-1087.
56)Glass TA, de Leon CM, Marottoli RA, Berkman LF: Population based study of social and productive activities as predictors of survival among elderly Americans. BMJ 1999; 319(7208): 478-483.
57)Karp A, Paillard-Borg S, Wang HX, Silverstein M, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L.: Mental, physical and social components in leisure activities equally contribute to decrease dementia risk. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2006; 21(2): 65-73.
58)Fratiglioni L, Wang HX, Ericsson K, Maytan M, Winblad B.: Influence of social network on occurrence of dementia: a community-based longitudinal study. Lancet 2000; 355(9212): 1315-1319.
59)Fratiglioni L, Paillard-Borg S, Winblad B.: An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia. Lancet Neurol. 2004; 3(6): 343-353.
60)James BD, Wilson RS, Barnes LL, Bennett DA: Late-life social activity and cognitive decline in old age. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2011; 17(6): 998-1005.
61)Baer LH, Tabri N, Blair M, Bye D, Li KZ, Pushkar D.: Longitudinal associations of need for cognition, cognitive activity, and depressive symptomatology with cognitive function in recent retirees. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2013; 68(5): 655-664.
62)Lee CT, Yeh CJ, Lee MC, et al.: Leisure activity, mobility limitation and stress as modifiable risk factors for depressive symptoms in the elderly: results of a national longitudinal study. Arch GerontolGeriatr. 2012; 54(2): e221-229.
63)Krpan KM, Kross E, B erman MG, Deldin PJ, Askren MK, Jonides J.: An everyday activity as a treatment for depression: the benefits of expressive writing for people diagnosed with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2013; 150(3): 1148-1151.
64)McAuley E, Jerome GJ, Marquez DX, Elavsky S, Blissmer B.: Exercise selfefficacy in older adults: social, affective, and behavioral influences. Ann Behav Med. 2003; 25(1): 1-7.
65)Bandura A .: Social cognitive theory: an agentic perspective. Annu Rev Psychol. 2001; 52: 1-26.
66)Perkins JM, Multhaup KS, Perkins HW, Barton C.: Self-efficacy and participation in physical and social activity among older adults in Spain and the United States. Gerontologist 2008; 48(1): 51-58.
67)Holahan CK, Holahan CJ: Self-efficacy, social support, and depression in aging: a longitudinal analysis. J Gerontol. 1987; 42(1): 65-68.
68)Laurin D, Verreault R, Lindsay J, MacPherson K, Rockwood K.: Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons. Arch Neurol. 2001; 58(3): 498-504.
69)Larson EB, Wang L, Bowen JD, et al.: Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older. Ann Intern Med. 2006; 144(2): 73-81.
70)Podewils LJ, Guallar E, Kuller LH, et al.: Physical activity, APOE genotype, and dementia risk: findings from the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2005; 161(7): 639-651.
71)Middleton LE, Yaffe K .: Targets for the prevention of dementia. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 2010; 20(3): 915-924.
72)Erickson KI, Voss MW, Prakash RS, et al.: Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011; 108(7): 3017-3022.
73)Liu-Ambrose T, Nagamatsu LS, Graf P, Beattie BL, Ashe MC, Handy TC: Resistance training and executive functions: a 12-month randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2010; 170(2): 170-178.
74)Suzuki T, Shimada H, Makizako H, et al.: A randomized controlled trial of multicomponent exercise in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. PloS One 2013; 8(4): e61483.
75)Lautenschlager NT, Cox KL, Flicker L, et al.: Effect of physical activity on cognitive function in older adults at risk for Alzheimer disease: a randomized trial. JAMA 2008; 300(9): 1027-1037.
76)Gates N, Fiatarone Singh MA, Sachdev PS, Valenzuela M: The effect of exercise training on cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013; 21(11): 1086-1097.
77)Suzuki T, Shimada H, Makizako H, et al.: Effects of multicomponent exercise on cognitive function in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. BMC neurology 2012; 12: 128.
78)Strohle A, Schmidt DK, Schultz F, et al.: Drug and Exercise Treatment of Alzheimer Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Effects on Cognition in Randomized Controlled Trials. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2015; 23(12): 1234-1249.
79)Ngandu T, Lehtisalo J, Solomon A, et al.: A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015; 385(9984): 255-2263.
80)Lam LC, Chan WC, Leung T, Fung AW, Leung EM: Would older adults with mild cognitive impairment adhere to and benefit from a structured lifestyle activity intervention to enhance cognition?: a cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2015; 10(3):e0118173.
81)Lam LC, Chau R C, Wong BM, et al.: A 1-year randomized controlled trial comparing mind body exercise (Tai Chi) with stretching and toning exercise on cognitive function in older Chinese adults at risk of cognitive decline. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012; 13(6): 568 e515-520.
82)Sink KM, Espeland MA, Castro CM, et al.: Effect of a 24-Month Physical Activity Intervention vs Health Education on Cognitive Outcomes in Sedentary Older Adults: The LIFE Randomized Trial. JAMA 2015; 314(8): 781-790.
83)de Souto Barreto P, Demougeot L, Vellas B, Rolland Y.: Exercise Training for Preventing Dementia, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Clinically Meaningful Cognitive Decline: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2018; 73(11): 1504-1511.
84)Forbes D, Thiessen EJ, Blake CM, Forbes SC, Forbes S.: Exercise programs for people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; (12): CD006489.
85)Forbes D, Forbes SC, Blake CM, Thiessen EJ, Forbes S.: Exercise programs for people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015; (4): CD006489.
86)Olazaran J, Reisberg B, Clare L, et al. : Nonpharmacological therapies in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review of efficacy. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders 2010; 30(2): 161-178.
プロフィール
島田 裕之(しまだ ひろゆき)
国立長寿医療研究センター 老年学・社会科学研究センター 予防老年学研究部 部長
最終学歴
2003年 北里大学大学院医療系研究科臨床医学リハビリテーション医学専攻博士課程卒
主な職歴
2003年 東京都老人総合研究所研究員 2005年 Prince of Wales 医学研究所客員研究員 2006年 東京都老人総合研究所研究員 2010年 国立長寿医療研究センター室長 2014年 国立長寿医療研究センター部長 現在に至る