歯を喪失した高齢者に対しては、咀嚼能力の改善を図るために義歯等による欠損補綴治療が行われる。不適合な義歯を装着している高齢者は、適合の良い義歯を装着している高齢者と比較して、野菜・魚介類などの食品摂取量、たんぱく質・カルシウム・ビタミン類などの栄養素摂取量が低いとの報告がある29)。米国国民健康栄養調査(National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: NHANES)に参加した50歳以上4,820名を現在歯18本以上の群、18本未満で義歯の適合に問題がないと感じている群、18本未満で義歯の適合に問題があると感じている群の3群に分類し食事の質を比較したところ、現在歯数18本以上の群と比較して、義歯の適合に問題があると感じている群の食事の質は有意に低く、現在歯数18本以上の群と義歯の適合に問題がないと感じている群の間には有意差がなかった30)。また、総義歯を使用している者は自分の歯を有する者と比較して、野菜・果物の摂取量が少なく、砂糖を多く含む甘い食品などの摂取量が多いとの報告もある31)。
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