Rockwoodらはフレイルを臨床的に介入法の選別、生命予後や施設入所のリスク予測することを目的として、包括的な因子(30から70項目で症候、疾病、身体機能障害、検査異常なども含む)の存在(異常・不能の有無)をカウントしfrailty indexを計算することを提唱している6、7)。このモデルはdeficit accumulation model (障害(欠損)累積モデル)と言われる(図2B)4)。これは項目ごとに重みづけすることなく、例えば合計40項目の評価で10項目が該当するならfrailty indexは10/40=0.25となる。この評価項目の中には当然ADL障害や認知機能障害は含まれるし、慢性疾患などの疾病も含まれる(表2)7)。これらの能力障害、疾病、症候を重みづけなしに単純に加算して、フレイルの有無(あるか無しかの二分割ではなく)ではなくindexとして連続的にfrailtyの集積度を数値化し評価することは、臨床的には実際の高齢者の虚弱性評価としてわかりやすいものではある。
4:表現型フレイルと栄養との関連
1.横断的解析
Friedらによるフレイルの診断項目に体重減少が含まれており、栄養とフレイルとの関連が想定できる。横断研究で栄養状態とフレイルとの関連を観察した報告は複数存在し、低体格指数(body mass index: BMI)ならびに低エネルギー摂取はフレイルとの関連を認めている。例えば、21kcal/kg体重/日以下の摂取エネルギーだと21kcal/kg体重/日を超えて摂取している対照に比較し1.24倍フレイルのリスクが高い8)。また、栄養状態とフレイルとの関係に関する報告も複数存在している。例えば栄養状態をMini-Nutritional Assessment®(MNA®)で評価し、栄養状態の不良とフレイルとの横断的な関連が報告されている9-12)。
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